Izinto ezingezinhle ekuqhubeni umsinga ziyabizwaama-insulators, futhi ama-insulators abizwa nangokuthi ama-dielectrics.

Banokumelana okuphezulu kakhulu.Incazelo ye-insulator: Izinto ezingawuhambisi ugesi kalula zibizwa

ama-insulators.Ayikho imingcele ephelele phakathiama-insulatorskanye nama-conductor.

Izici

Izici zama-insulators ukuthi amashaji amahle kanye namabi kuma-molecule aboshwe ngokuqinile,

futhi kunezinhlayiya ezimbalwa ezishajwayo ezingahamba ngokukhululeka.I-macroscopic current eyakhiwe yi-

ukunyakaza kubhekwa njengento engeyona e-conductive.

I-Conductivity

I-conductivity ye-insulator inqunywa ukuziphatha kwama-electron entweni.Ukuziphatha kwe

electron in a crystal incike energy band isakhiwo.Into enokuqhutshwa okungenalutho ngokuphelele

ibhendi kanye nebhendi egcwele ye-valence iyisivikelo.Umehluko wamandla phakathi kokuphansi kwebhendi yokuqhuba

kanye phezulu kwebhendi ye-valence (ibhendi Lapho igebe lamandla likhulu, alihambisi ugesi ngaphansi kwe-

inkambu kagesi evamile.Ukuze izinto ezinezikhala ezincane zamandla, nakuba zingama-insulators lapho izinga lokushisa

liphansi, lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ama-electron ebhendi ye-valence ajabulela ibhendi yokuqhuba, futhi

izophinde ifake ugesi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ama-electron noma izimbobo ezingeni ukungcola igebe band kukhona

ijabulele ibhendi yokuqhuba noma ibhendi ye-valence, izophinde iphathe ugesi.

Amandla enkundla kagesi

Ama-insulators aqinile ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezimbili: i-crystalline ne-amorphous.I-insulator yangempela ayikho ngokuphelele

okungaqhubeki.Ngaphansi kwesenzo senkambu kagesi eqinile, amacala amahle namabi ngaphakathi kwe-insulator

izokhululeka futhi ibe ngamashaji amahhala, futhi ukusebenza kwe-insulation kuzobhujiswa.Lesi simo

ebizwa ngokuthi i-dielectric breakdown.Amandla amakhulu enkundla kagesi okungamelana nawo yi-dielectric abizwa ngokuthi

amandla enkambu yokuhlukana.